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1 Mayıs 1925'te, Mussolini iktidardayken, bir grup İtalyan entelektüel Mussolini'nin faşist rejimini açık bir mektupla kınadı. İmzacılar -- bilim insanları, filozoflar, yazarlar ve sanatçılar -- özgür bir toplumun temel ilkeleri olan hukukun üstünlüğü, kişisel özgürlük ve bağımsız düşünce ilkelerinden, kültür, sanat ve bilimden yana tavır aldılar. Faşist ideolojinin acımasız dayatmalarına, oldukça büyük kişisel riskler alarak, açıkça karşı çıkmaları, muhalefetin yalnızca mümkün değil, aynı zamanda gerekli olduğunu da kanıtladı. Bugün, yüz yıl sonra, faşizm tehdidi geri dönmüştür. Dolayısıyla, bugün de aynı cesareti göstermeli ve faşizme yine meydan okumalıyız. Faşizm bir asır önce İtalya'da ortaya çıktı ve modern diktatörlüğün başlangıcının işaretini verdi. Birkaç yıl içinde, farklı isimler altında ama temel biçimleri koruyarak Avrupa'ya ve dünyaya yayıldı. İktidarı ele geçirdiği her yerde, otokrasinin hizmetinde güçler ayrılığının altını oydu, muhalefeti şiddet yoluyla susturdu, basının kontrolünü ele geçirdi, kadın haklarının ilerlemesini durdurdu ve işçilerin ekonomik adalet mücadelelerini bastırdı. Doğası gereği, bilimsel, akademik ve kültürel faaliyetlere adanmış tüm kurumlara nüfuz ederek amaçlarını çarpıttı. Yarattığı ölüm kültü, emperyalist saldırganlığı ve soykırımcı ırkçılığı yücelterek İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nı ve Holokost’u tetikledi, on milyonlarca insanın ölümüne ve insanlığa karşı suçlara yol açtı. Öte yandan, faşizme ve faşist ideolojiye karşı direniş, toplumları ve uluslararası ilişkileri örgütlemenin alternatif yollarını hayal etmek için verimli bir zemin oluşturdu. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan çıkan dünya, Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi, Avrupa Birliği'nin kuramsal temelleri ve sömürgeciliğe karşı geliştirilen hukuki argümanlarla rağmen, derin eşitsizlikleri içermeye devam etti. Ama aynı zamanda, uluslararası bir hukuk düzeni kurmak için kararlı bir girişim de sergileyerek, sadece medeni ve siyasi değil, aynı zamanda ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel hakları da içeren evrensel insan haklarının korunmasına dayanan küresel demokrasi ve barışa yönelik bir beklentiyi yeşertti. Faşizm hiçbir zaman ortadan kalkmadı, sadece bir süre kenarda kaldı. Ancak son yirmi yılda, faşist özellikleri açıkça sergileyen yeni bir aşırı sağ hareket dalgasına tanık olduk: demokratik norm ve kurumlara saldırılar, ırkçı söylemlerle süslenmiş aşırı milliyetçilik, otoriter yönetimler ve otoriter geleneklerin kurguladığı din, cinsellik ve toplumsal cinsiyet normlarına uymayanların haklarına yönelik sistematik saldırılar. Yerleşik demokratik sistemler de dahil olmak üzere, tüm dünyada ortaya çıkan bu yeni faşist hareketler, gittikçe artan eşitsizliklere ve sosyal dışlanmaya çözüm getiremeyen iktidarlara karşı duyulan yaygın memnuniyetsizliğin bir takım otoriter figürler tarafından istismar edilmesi sonucundadır. Bu kişiler, bilinen eski faşist senaryoya sadık bir şekilde, seçim başarılarını halktan alınmış sınırsız bir yetki olarak yorumlayarak, ulusal ve uluslararası hukukun üstünlüğünün altını oymakta, yargının, basının, kültür kurumlarının, yüksek öğretimin ve bilimsel kurumların bağımsızlığını hedef almakta, hatta temel bilimsel verileri ve bilgileri yok etmeye çalışmaktadır. “Alternatif gerçekler” uydurmakta ve “iç düşmanlar” icat etmekteler. Kendi otoritelerini ve ultra zengin %1'in otoritesini sağlamlaştırmak için güvenlik kaygılarını silah olarak kullanmakta ve taraftarlarına sadakat karşılığında ayrıcalıklar tanımaktalar. Muhalefet gruplarının keyfi gözaltılar, şiddet tehditleri, sınır dışı etmeler ve amansız bir dezenformasyon ve propaganda kampanyası yoluyla giderek daha fazla bastırıldığı bir süreç yaşamaktayız. Bu süreç; bazılarının kayıtsız davrandığı, bazıların ise tekno-faşist heveslileri olduklarını saklamadığı geleneksel ve sosyal medya baronlarının desteğiyle işletilmektedir. Demokrasiler elbette kusursuz değildir. Henüz yeterince kapsayıcı olmadıkları gibi, yanlış bilgilendirmeye karşı da savunmasızdırlar. Bununla birlikte, demokrasiler doğaları gereği entelektüel ve kültürel ilerleme için verimli bir zemin sağlar ve bu nedenle de her zaman gelişme potansiyeline sahiptir. Demokratik toplumlarda insan hakları ve özgürlükler genişleyebilir, sanat gelişebilir, bilimsel keşifler ilerleyebilir ve bilgi artabilir. Demokratik kurumlar fikirlere meydan okuma ve güç yapılarını sorgulama, kültürel açıdan rahatsız edici olsa bile yeni teoriler önerme özgürlüğü tanır ki bu da insanlığın ilerlemesi için elzemdir. Demokratik kurumlar, sosyal adaletsizliklerin ele alınması için en iyi çerçeveyi ve savaş sonrası vaat edilen çalışma, eğitim, sağlık, sosyal güvenlik, kültürel ve bilimsel hayata katılım ve halkların kolektif kalkınma, kendi kaderini tayin etme ve barış haklarının yerine getirilmesi için en güçlü umudu sunar. Bunlar olmazsa insanlık durağanlık, artan eşitsizlik, adaletsizlik ve felaketle karşı karşıya kalacaktır, özellikle de yeni faşist dalganın reddettiği iklim krizinin oluşturduğu varoluşsal tehdit felaketi ile. Hiper-bağlantılı dünyamızda demokrasi tek başına var olamaz. Ulusal demokrasiler güçlü kurumlara ihtiyaç duyarken, uluslararası iş birliği de uluslar arasındaki ilişkileri düzenlemek için demokratik ilkelerin ve çok taraflılığın etkin bir şekilde uygulanmasına ve sağlıklı bir toplum için çoğulcu ve katılımcı süreçlere gerek duymaktadır. Hukukun üstünlüğü sınırları aşmalı ve uluslararası anlaşmalara, insan hakları sözleşmelerine ve barış paktlarına saygıyı gerçekleştirmelidir. Mevcut küresel yönetişim ve uluslararası kurumların iyileştirilmesi amaçlanmalıyken, bunların kaba güç, alışveriş ve çıkar mantığı ve askeri kuvvet ile yönetilen bir dünya lehine erozyona uğraması, sömürgecilik, acı ve yıkım dönemine kaymak demektir. 1925'te olduğu gibi, biz bilim insanları, filozoflar, yazarlar, sanatçılar ve dünya vatandaşları, faşizmin her türlü biçimiyle yeniden dirilişini kınamak ve buna direnmekle sorumluyuz. Demokrasiye değer veren herkesi harekete geçmeye çağırıyoruz: Demokratik, kültürel ve eğitim kurumlarını savunun. Demokratik ilkelerin ve insan haklarının ihlal edilmesine karşı çıkın. Sessizliği öneren önleyici itaati reddedin. Yerel ve uluslararası kolektif eylemlere katılın. Mümkün olduğunda boykot ve grev yapın. Direnişi görmezden gelinemez ve bastırılması maliyetli hale getirin. Gerçekleri ve kanıtları savunun. Eleştirel düşünceyi teşvik edin, çevre ve gruplarınızla bu temelde ilişki kurun. Bu mücadele sürekli bir mücadeledir. Sesimiz, hareketlerimiz ve ilkelerimiz otoriterliğe karşı bir siper olsun. Bu mesaj, yenilenmiş bir meydan okuma bildirisi olsun. Country Name Position Affiliation (for identification purposes only) 1 GBR Abby Innes Associate Professor, Political Economy London School of Economics 2 USA Abraham Flaxman Associate Professor, Health Metrics Sciences University of Washington 3 ZAF Achille Mbembe Research Professor, History and Politics Innovation Foundation for Democracy 4 IND Achin Vanaik Former Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, International Relations and Global Politics University of Delhi 5 GBR Adam Habib Professor and Vice-Chancellor, Political Science School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 6 POL Adam Leszczyński Professor, Sociology / History University of Social Sciences and Humanities (SWPS) 7 USA Adam Shatz Visiting professor, Writer Bard College 8 FRA Ahmed Abbes Directeur de recherche, Mathematician CNRS & IHES 9 USA Akeel Bilgrami Sidney Morgenbesser Chair in Philosophy Columbia University 10 FRA Alberto Alemanno Jean Monnet Professor of EU Law École des hautes études commerciales (HEC), Paris 11 ITA Alessandro Nova Professor Emeritus, Art History Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz 12 ITA Alessandro Raveggi Subject expert, writer Università Ca' Foscari Venezia 13 ITA Alessandro Roncaglia Professore Emerito, Economia politica Sapienza Università di Roma 14 USA Alexander Alberro Professor, Art History Barnard/Columbia 15 AUT Alexander Etkind Professor, History Central European University, Vienna 16 ITA Alina Mungiu-Pippidi Professor, Political Science LUISS Guido Carli 17 USA Alison Holman Professor, Associate Dean, Health Psychology, Nursing Science University of California, Irvine 18 USA Alvin E. Roth Craig and Susan McCaw Professor, Economics Stanford University 19 IND Amit Bhaduri Retired professor of economics JNU, lndia and Pavia University, Italy 20 USA Amy Hagopian Professor Emeritus - Public Health University of Washington 21 MEX Ana María Cetto Professor, Physics Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) 22 IND Ananya Vajpeyi Professor, Intellectual History Centre for the Study of Developing Societies 23 ITA Andrea Giardina Professore ordinario in pensione, Storia Accademia nazionale dei Lincei 24 USA Andrea J. Liu Hepburn Professor, Physics University of Pennsylvania 25 ITA Andrea Mammone Professore Associato, Storia Contemporanea Sapienza Università di Roma 26 GBR Andrea Pisauro Lecturer, Psychology University of Plymouth 27 MEX Andrés Arauz Senior Research Fellow, Economics Center for Economic and Policy Research 28 POL Andrzej Jajszczyk Professor, Telecommunications AGH University of Science and Technology 29 USA Angana P. Chatterji Scholar, Anthropology and South Asia Studies University of California, Berkeley 30 FRA Angelini Andrea Maître conférence, Philosophie Université Paris 8 31 USA Annelise Orleck Professor, History Dartmouth College 32 GBR Anthony Barnett Writer Open Democracy 33 USA Anthony James Leggett Professor Emeritus, Physics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 34 GBR Antonio Andreoni Professor, Economics School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 35 PRT Antonio Costa Pinto Research Professor, Political Science University of Lisbon 36 IND Anu Chenoy Retired Professor, International Relations Independent 37 USA Arend Lijphart Research Professor Emeritus, Political Sciences University of California, San Diego 38 ZAF Ari Sitas Emeritus Professor, Sociologist and poet Universities of Cape Town and Stellenbosch 39 USA Assaf Kfoury Professor of Computer Science, Mathematics and Mathematical Logic Boston University 40 CAN Audrey Macklin Professor of Law and Chair in Human Rights University of Toronto 41 USA Avital Ronell Professor, Humanities New York University/The European Graduate School, Switzerland 42 DEU Axel Dreher Professor, Economics Heidelberg University 43 DEU Axel Enninger Dr. med., Pediatrician/Medical Director Klinikum Stuttgart - Olgahospital 44 DEU/USA Axel Honneth Professor, Philosophy Goethe University Frankfurt / Columbia, Germany 45 USA Aziz Rana J. Donald Monan, S.J., University Professor of Law and Government Boston College 46 GBR Barbara Bravi Assistant Professor, Biomathematics Imperial College London 47 FRA Barbara Cassin Academie francaise, Philosophe Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) 48 DEU Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger Rector, Historian Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin / Institute for Advanced Study 49 USA Barry Bluestone Professor Emeritus, Economics Northeastern University 50 USA Barry Bozeman Regents Professor Emeritus, Technology Policy and Public Management Arizona State University 51 AUS Barry James Marshall Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Microbiology University of Western Australia 52 TUR Baskın Oran Prof. Dr. International Relations School of Political Science , Ankara University (retired) 53 MEX Benjamin Arditi Professor, Politics Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) 54 FRA Bernard Derrida Professeur, Physique Collège de France 55 USA Bernard Sadoulet Professor of Physics, Astrophysics University Of California, Berkeley 56 SWE Bo Rothstein Professor, Political Science University of Gothenburg and Institute for Futures Study Stockholm 57 USA Brian J Griffith Assistant Professor, Modern Europe California State University, Fresno 58 AUS Brian P. Schmidt Distinguished Professor, Astrophysics Australian National University 59 ITA Carlo Doglioni Professore, Geoscienze Sapienza Università di Roma 60 BRA Carlos Afonso Nobre Professor da Cátedra, Clima e Sustentabilidade Instituto de Estudos Avançados - Universidade de São Paulo 61 SAU Carlos Manuel Duarte Distinguished Professor, Marine Science King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) 62 ITA Carmen Silvestri Postdoctoral Research Associate, Social sciences University of Reading 63 USA Carol Gilligan Professor of Applied Psychology and the Humanities New York University / Harvard University 64 USA Carol J. Oja William Powell Mason Professor, Music History Harvard University 65 USA Carole Pateman Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Political Theory University of California, Los Angeles 66 USA Cas Mudde Distinguished Research Professor, Political Science University of Georgia 67 ITA Caterina Di Fazio Visting Fellow, Political Philosophy Florence School of Transnational Governance, European University Institute 68 USA Catherine D'Ignazio Associate Professor of Urban Science & Planning Massachusetts Institute of Technology 69 FRA Catherine Fieschi Fellow, Sciences politiques European University Institute 70 USA Chanda Prescod-Weinstein Associate Professor, Physics and Astronomy University of New Hampshire 71 USA Charles Derber Professor, Sociology Boston College 72 USA Charles Rice Maurice R. and Corinne P. Greenberg Professor in Virology Rockefeller University 73 ITA/DEU Chiara Saraceno Professoressa emerita, Sociology Università di Torino, Collegio Carlo Alberto / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, WZB 74 USA Christia Mercer Professor, Philosophy Columbia University 75 CHE CLADS, Collective for Academic Freedom, Democracy and Solidarity Collective signature University of Lausanne and EPFL 76 FRA Claire Voisin Directrice de recherche, Mathématiques Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu-Paris rive gauche, CNRS 77 CHL Claudia Heiss Associate Professor, Political Science, Constitutional Law Faculty of Government, University of Chile 78 USA Claudia Koonz Peabody Professor Emeritus, History Duke University 79 USA Claudio Fogu Professor, Italian Studies and history University of California, Santa Barbara 80 ITA Claudio Pacati Professore Ordinario, Metodi matematici dell'economia e delle scienze attuariali e finanziarie Università degli studi di Siena 81 DEU Constanze Breuer Dr., Scientific Officer, Science-based Policy Advice German National Academy of Sciences 82 USA Craig C. Mello Distinguished Professor, Blais University Chair in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School 83 ESP Cristina Monge Analista y Profesora, Ciencia Política y Sociología Universidad Complutense de Madrid 84 CHL Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser Professor, Political Science Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile 85 GBR Daan Frenkel Emeritus Professor, Computational Physics/Chemistry University of Cambridge 86 USA Dan McAdams The Henry Wade Rogers Professor of Psychology Northwestern University 87 DNK Dan Zahavi Professor, Philosophy University of Copenhagen 88 USA Dani Rodrik Professor, Economics Harvard University 89 ISR Daniel Bar-Tal Professor Emeritus, Social-political psychology Tel Aviv University 90 NLD Daniel Chavez Senior Researcher, Political Economy Transnational Institute (TNI) 91 USA Daniel Gilbert Edgar Pierce Professor, Psychology Harvard University 92 ESP/ITA Daniel Innerarity Professor, Political Philosophy Ikerbasque Foundation of Science / European University Institute of Florence 93 USA Daniel Kinderman Professor, Political Science University of Delaware 94 USA Daniel Naujoks Lecturer of International and Public Affairs, Director of International Organization and UN Studies Specialization Columbia University—School of International and Public Affairs 95 BRA Daniela Campello Associate professor, Political Science Getulio Vargas Foundation 96 GBR Danny Dorling Professor, Geography University of Oxford 97 ITA Dario Consonni Professore a contratto a titolo gratuito, Epidemiologia Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico 98 USA Daron Acemoglu Institute Professor, Economics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 99 USA David B Lobell Professor, Earth System Science Stanford University 100 USA David Barstow Chair of the Investigative Reporting Program at Berkeley Journalism University of California, Berkeley 101 USA David Bateman Associate Professor, Political Science and Public Policy Cornell University 102 USA David Blight Sterling Professor of History, US History, Historian Yale University 103 USA David Levering Lewis Julius Silver University Professor, Emeritus, Comparative History New York University 104 NLD David Sogge Fellow - Development Studies Transnational Institute (TNI) 105 CAN Deborah Cowen Professor, Geography University of Toronto 106 GBR Denis Noble Emeritus professor, Cardiovascular Physiology University of Oxford 107 USA Dennis Discher Robert D Bent Professor, Biophysics and Engineering University of Pennsylvania 108 AUS Dennis P Altman Emeritus professor, Politics LaTrobe University 109 BEL Didier Viviers Secrétaire perpétuel - Professeur d’Université (Histoire) Àcadémie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique 110 USA Dmitri Tymoczko Professor, Music Princeton University and the Santa Fe Institute 111 FRA Dominique Schnapper Professor Emeritus, Directrice d'études, Sociologie École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) 112 USA Donald Preziosi Emeritus Professor, Art & Architectural History and Theory University of California, Los Angeles 113 USA Donald Wuebbles Emeritus Professor, Atmospheric Science University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 114 ITA Donatella Della Porta Full professor, director of the Center on social movement studies (Cosmos) Scuola Normale Superiore 115 ITA Donatella Di Cesare Professore Ordinario, Filosofia Sapienza Università di Roma 116 DEU Dorothea Kaufmann Scientist / Lecturer, Biology PH Heidelberg 117 USA Dorothy E. Roberts George A. Weiss University Professor, Law & Sociology University of Pennsylvania 118 USA Douglas Massey Emeritus Professor, Sociology and Public Affairs Princeton University 119 SVK Eduard Nižňanský Professor, History Comenius Univerzity, Department of General History 120 NOR Edvard I. Moser Professor, Neuroscience Norwegian University of Science and Technology 121 USA Edward Wile Maibach Distinguished University Professor (Emeritus), Public and Planetary Health George Mason University 122 USA Elisabeth Camp Professor, Philosophy Rutgers University New Brunswick 123 USA Elisabeth Jean Wood Crosby Professor of the Human Environment, Professor of Political Science, International and Area Studies Yale University 124 FRA Elisabeth Lagadec Docteur ès Lettres, Humanities Retires professor 125 FRA Elisabeth Roudinesco Professeur, Histoire de la psychiatrie et de la psychanalyse Président de la Société internationale d'histoire de la psychanalyse (SIHPP) 126 USA Elliott H. Lieb Professor, Physics and mathematics Princeton University 127 QAT Emad Shahin Professor, Political Science/Islamic Studies Hamad Bin Khalifa University 128 ITA Emanuele Felice Professor, Economic History Iulm University 129 MEX Enrique Leff Emeritus Professor, Environmental Philosophy/Sociology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) 130 USA Enzo Traverso Professor, Humanities Cornell University 131 USA Eric Maskin Adams University Professor and Professor of Economics and Mathematics Harvard University 132 CHE Ernst Fehr Professor, Economics University of Zurich 133 ESP Esa Díaz-León Associate Professor, Philosophy Universitat de Barcelona 134 DEU Eva C. Winkler Professor, Medical Ethics / German Ethics Council / Oncology Institute for Medical & Data Ethics, Heidelberg University 135 ITA Fabio Recchia Professore Ordinario, Fisiologia Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna 136 FRA Federico Varese Professor, Sociology Sciences Po 137 ESP Fernando Vallespín Catedrático de Ciencia Política, Teoría Política Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 138 ITA Filippo Belloc Professore Ordinario, Politica Economica, Economia Industriale e dell'Innovazione Università degli Studi di Siena 139 NLD Fiona Dove Executive Director Transnational Institute, Amsterdam 140 GBR Frances Stewart Professor emeritus, Development economics University of Oxford 141 ITA Francesco Forastiere Epidemiologist National Research Council, IFT, Italy 142 BEL François Englert Professor Emeritus, Physique Théorique Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) 143 USA Frank Niels von Hippel Professor of Public and International Affairs emeritus - Nuclear arms control and nonproliferation Princeton University 144 USA Frank Sciulli Pupin Professor Emeritus, Physics Columbia University 145 DEU Frank Winkler Professor of Neurology Universität Heidelberg 146 GBR Fred Basso Associate Professor in Economic Psychology, Psychological and Behavioural Science London School of Economics 147 USA Fred Block Research Professor, Sociology University of California, Davis 148 ITA Gabriel Burdin Professore Associato, Politica Economica Università degli studi di Siena 149 GBR/ESP Gabriel Palma Emeritus Senior Lecturer and Professor of Economics University of Cambridge and University of Santiago 150 ARG Gabriel Vommaro Professor, Political Sociology EIDAES, Universidad Nacional de San Martín 151 ITA Gabriele Pedullà Narratore e Professore Ordinario, Letteratura italiana Università di Roma Tre 152 USA Garry Wills Professor Emeritus, History Northwestern University 153 USA Gary Ruvkun Professor, Genetics Massachusetts General Hospital 154 USA Gayle Salamon Professor, Department of English Princeton University 155 USA George Yancy Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor, Philosophy Emory University 156 USA Gerald Epstein Professor, Economics University of Massachusetts Amherst 157 DEU Gerd Gigerenzer Director emeritus, Social Sciences Max Planck Institute for Human Development 158 ITA Giacomo Calzolari Professor, Economics European University Institute 159 ITA Gianfranco Pasquino Professore emerito, Scienza Politica Università di Bologna 160 ITA Gianni Betti Professore Ordinario, Statistica Università degli studi di Siena 161 ITA Gianni Jona-Lasinio Professore Emerito, Fisica Sapienza Università di Roma 162 ITA Giorgio Assennato Fellow, Occupational epidemiology Collegium Ramazzini 163 ITA Giorgio Parisi Professore Ordinario, Fisica Teorica Sapienza Università di Roma 164 ITA Giovanni De Luna Professore Ordinario, Storia Università di Torino 165 ITA Giovanni Gozzini Professore Ordinario, Storia Contemporanea Università degli studi di Siena 166 USA Giulia Zanni Assistant Professor, Neuroscience Columbia University 167 GBR Giuseppe De Feo Professor, Economics and Head of Economics University of Liverpool 168 ITA Giuseppe Sciortino Professore, Sociologia Università degli studi di Trento 169 ESP Gøsta Esping-Andersen Professor, Demography Pompeu Fabra University 170 DEU Gregor von Komorowski Dr.med., Medicine Kinderarztpraxis am Waldpark 68163 Mannheim 171 DEU Gudrun A. Rappold Prof. Dr. rer.nat., Molecular Human Genetics Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University 172 ITA Guido Tabellini Professore Ordinario, Economia Università Bocconi 173 GBR Ha Joon Chang Professor, Economics School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 174 USA Hagen Koo Professor emeritus, Sociology University of Hawaii at Manoa 175 USA Harvey James Alter Distinguished NIH Scholar, Emeritus, Clinical Research National Institutes of Health, Retired 176 USA Haynes Miller Professor Emeritus, Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 177 USA Heather Ann Thompson Frank W. Thompson Professor of History and African American Studies University of Michigan 178 USA Heidi Allen Associate Professor, Social work Columbia University 179 DEU Henning Schauenburg Prof. Dr. med, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy Research Universität Heidelberg 180 CAN Henry Giroux Chaired Professor for Scholarship in the Public Interest, Critical pedagogy, higher education, cultural studies, media studies McMaster University 181 USA Herrick Chapman Professor Emeritus, History and French Studies New York University 182 CHE Hubert Caron Professor Emeritus, MD, PhD Pediatric Oncology 183 USA Ira Katznelson Ruggles Professor, Political Science and History Columbia University 184 USA Jack W. Szostak University Professor, Chemistry University of Chicago 185 USA Jacqueline Bhabha Professor of the Practice, International Law Harvard University 186 USA James K. Boyce Professor Emeritus, Economics University of Massachusetts Amherst 187 POL Jan Sowa Associate Professor, Sociology and Cultural Studies Academy of Fine Arts, Warsaw 188 USA Jane Mansbridge Charles F. Adams Professor Emerita, Political Science Harvard University 189 USA Jason Stanley Professor, Philosophy Yale University 190 USA Jayati Ghosh Professor, Economics University of Massachusetts Amherst 191 FRA Jean Jouzel Glaciologist, Climatologist Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement (LSCE), CNRS, CEA 192 FRA Jean-Pierre Sauvage Professeur émérite, Chimie de Coordination Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 193 USA Jennifer C Lena, PhD Associate Professor, Arts Administration and Sociology Columbia university 194 USA Jennifer Hochschild H.K. Jayne Professor of Government Harvard University 195 USA Joachim Frank Professor, Biophysics Columbia University 196 USA Joel Lebowitz Professor, Mathematical Physics Rutgers University 197 DEU Johannes Grimm Medical Doctor, Pediatric Oncology University of Ulm 198 USA John C. Mather Senior Astrophysicist National Aeronautics and Space Administration 199 USA John E. Fernandez Professor and Director, Urban Metabolism/Architecture Massachusetts Institute of Technology 200 CAN John Harriss Professor Emeritus, Political Sociology Simon Fraser University 201 USA John Holdren Emeritus Professor in the Kennedy School of Government, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and School of Engineering and Applied Science Harvard University 202 AUS John Keane Professor, Politics - Past, present, and future of democracy University of Sydney 203 USA John Plotz Barbara Mandel Professor, Humanities Brandeis 204 AUS John S. Dryzek Professor, Political Science Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance at the University of Canberra 205 GBR Jolyon Howorth Emeritus Professor of European Politics, International Relations University of Bath 206 DEU Joost Holthuis Professor, Molecular Cell Biology Osnabrueck University 207 USA José Casanova Emeritus Professor, Sociology, Theology and Religious Studies Georgetown University 208 USA Joseph LeDoux Professor, Neuroscience, Psychology New York University 209 ITA Josephine van Zeben Professor, Transnational Law European University Institute 210 HUN Judit Sandor Full Professor, Human Rights Central European University 211 USA Judith Levine Journalist, Writer Independent 212 CHE Julia Steinberger Professor of Societal Challenges of Climate Change Université de Lausanne 213 ESP Julián Casanova Professor, History Universidad de Zaragoza 214 USA Juliet Schor Professor, Economics and Sociology Boston College 215 USA Justin Khoo Associate Professor, Philosophy Massachusetts Institute of Technology 216 DEU Jürgen Kocka Professor Emeritus, History Freie Universität Berlin 217 USA Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck Distinguished Visiting Professor, Mathematics University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Advanced Study 218 USA Katherine Marino Associate Professor, History University of California, Los Angeles 219 USA Kathleen Thelen Ford Professor, Political Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 220 USA Kathryn Kish Sklar Distinguished Professor, History State University of New York, Binghamton 221 USA Kerice Doten-Snitker Postdoctoral Fellow, Sociology Santa Fe Institute 222 NZL/USA Kevin E Trenberth Distinguished Scholar, NCAR / Honorary Faculty, Climate science NCAR. Boulder CO / University of Auckland, New Zealand 223 USA Larry Diamond Senior Fellow, Political Science Freeman Spogli Institute & Hoover Institution, Stanford University 224 USA Lars Peter Hansen David Rockefeller Distinguished Service Professor, Economics and Finance University of Chicago 225 HUN László Bruszt Director, Sociologist Central European University, Democracy Institute 226 USA Laurence Tribe Carl M. Loeb University Professor Emeritus, Law Harvard University 227 USA Leland Hartwell Professor, Life Sciences Arizona State University 228 BRA Lena Lavinas Professor, Economics Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 229 USA Linda Gordon Professor Emerita, History New York University 230 USA Lisa Martin Professor, Political Science University of Wisconsin-Madison 231 USA Lisa T Eyler Professor, Psychiatry University of California, San Diego 232 CAN Lucan Ahmad Way Distinguished Professor of Democracy, Department of Political Science University of Toronto 233 ITA Luigi Bosco Professore Associato, Economia Comportamentale Università degli studi di Siena 234 ITA Luisa Torsi Professoressa Ordinaria, Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo moro, vice-presidente CNR 235 BRA Luiz Eduardo Soares Professor de Antropologia, Filosofia Política e Literatura Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 236 GBR Luke Cooper Associate Professorial Research Fellow in International Relations London School of Economics 237 USA Lydia Goehr Fred and Fanny Mack professor, Humanities, Philosophy Columbia University 238 FRA Magali Bessone Professor, Philosophy Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne 239 USA Mahzarin Banaji Richard Clarke Cabot Professor, Social Ethics Harvard University 240 CHL Manuel Antonio Garretón Profesor Titular, Sociólogo Universidad de Chile 241 ITA Marc Mézard Professor, Physics Università Bocconi 242 BRA Marcelo Coelho Journalist, Sociologist Independent researcher 243 USA Marcelo Gleiser Appleton Professor of Natural Philosophy, Theoretical Physics Appleton Professor of Natural Philosophy, Theoretical Physics 244 ITA Marco Stimolo Ricercatore, Economia Università degli studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Economia Politica e Statistica 245 MEX María Elena Álvarez-Buylla Roces Full Professor, Molecular genetics, epigenetics and development Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) 246 BRA Maria Hermínia Tavares de Almeida Professora titular, ex-diretora do Instituto de Relações Internacionais University of São Paulo (USP) 247 ITA Marianna Belloc Professore Ordinario, Economia Sapienza Università di Roma 248 GBR Marina Warner Professor, Literature and the Arts Birkbeck College, London 249 USA Mario R. Capecchi Distinguished Professor University of Utah School of Medicine 250 ITA Marisa Miraldo Professor, Director School of Convergence Science for Health and Technology, Health Economics Imperial College London 251 ARG Maristella Svampa Investigadora, Sociología, Ecología Política Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET 252 USA Mark Danner Professor, Journalism and English, Writer University of California, Berkeley 253 AUS Mark McKenna Professor Emeritus, History University of Sydney 254 ISL Markku Kulmala Professor, Atmospheric Science University of Helsinki 255 USA Marla Stone Professor, History Occidental College 256 USA Martha Finnemore Professor, Political Science and International Affairs George Washington University 257 DEU Martin Jungkunz Postdoctoral researcher, Medical Ethics German Cancer Research Center 258 GBR Martin Kemp Emeritus Professor, History of Visual Images Trinity College, Oxford 259 GBR Martina Di Simplicio Clinical Associate Professor, Psychiatry Imperial College London 260 ITA Massimo A. De Francesco Professore Associato, Economia Politica Università degli studi di Siena 261 MEX Massimo Modonesi Professore Ordinario, Scienze Politiche Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) 262 DEU Mathias Witzens-Harig Professor, Medicine Universität Heidelberg 263 GBR Matteo M Galizzi Associate Professor/Director, Behavioural economics London School of Economics 264 NOR May-Britt Moser Professor, Neuroscience Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, NTNU 265 USA Melanie Mitchell Professor, Computer Science / Cognitive Science Santa Fe Institute 266 USA Melissa Lane Class of 1943 Professor of Politics Princeton University 267 USA MIchael Harris Professor, Mathematics Columbia University 268 USA Mia Fuller Gladyce Arata Terrill Distinguished Professor, Italian Studies, History of Fascism University of California, Berkeley 269 USA Michael C. Dorf Robert S. Stevens Professor, Law Cornell Law School 270 USA Michael Chwe Professor, Political Science University of California, Los Angeles 271 USA Michael E. Greenberg Professor, Neurobiology, Molecular, Cellular, and Systems Neuroscience Harvard University 272 USA Michael E. Mann Presidential Distinguished Professor, Climatology University of Pennsylvania 273 USA Michael G Oppenheimer Professor, Climate Science, Climate Policy Princeton University 274 USA Michael Traugott Professor Emeritus, Political Science University of Michigan 275 CHE Michel Mayor Emeritus Professor, Astrophysics Université de Genève 276 FRA Michel Wieviorka Sociologue, Sciences sociales École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), Paris 277 FRA Michela Marzano Professore ordinario, Filosofia morale Université Paris Cité 278 ITA Michele Bernasconi Professore Ordinario, Scienza delle Finanze Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia 279 ITA Michele Emmer Professore Ordinario, Matematico Sapienza Università di Roma & IVSLA, Venezia 280 USA Milan Svolik Elizabeth S. & A. Varick Stout Professor, Political Science Yale University 281 POL Monika Płatek Head of the Criminology Department Law Faculty, Warsaw University 282 FRA Montévil Maël Researcher, Philosophie et Biologie Centre national de la recherche scientifique 283 ESP Montserrat Galcerán Huguet Catedrática emérita, Filosofía Universidad Complutense de Madrid 284 USA Nadia Urbinati Professor, Political Theory Columbia University 285 DEU Naika Foroutan Professor, integration research and social policy Humboldt University 286 USA Namhee Lee Professor, Modern Korean History University of California, Los Angeles 287 USA Nancy F. Cott Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History Emerita Harvard University 288 USA Nancy Folbre Professor emerita, Economics University of Massachusetts Amherst 289 USA Nancy Kanwisher Professor, Cognitive Neuroscience Massachusetts Institute of Technology 290 USA Nancy MacLean William H. Chafe Professor of History and Public Policy, History Duke University 291 USA Natasha Lennard Associate director, Critical Journalism The New School 292 ITA Nathalie Tocci Professore, Relazioni internazionali Istituto Affari Internazionali 293 GBR Nic Cheeseman Professor, Democracy University of Birmingham 294 ITA Nicola Vizioli Ricercatore, Diritto pubblico Università degli studi di Siena 295 USA Nicole Eustace Silver Professor, History New York University 296 USA Noëlle McAfee Professor and President of the Emory University Senate, Philosophy Emory University 297 CHE Olivier Fillieule Professor, Political sociology University of Lausanne 298 MEX Oscar Ugarteche Professor, Global Political Economy Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 299 ARG Pablo Alabarces Profesor Titular e Investigador Superior, Sociología cultural Universidad de Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET 300 FRA Paolo Crosetto Senior Researcher, Economics Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE) 301 ITA Paolo Pin Professore ordinario, Economia Università degli studi di Siena 302 USA Patricia Dailey Associate Professor, Literature Columbia University 303 ITA Patrizia Nanz Professor, Political Science, President of EUI European University Institute (EUI) 304 ITA Patrizio Bianchi Professore Emerito, Economia Università di Ferrara 305 IRL Paul Gillespie Adjunct Senior Research Fellow, School of Politics and International Relations, Irish Times columnist and editorial writer University College Dublin 306 GBR Paul Nurse Chief Executive and Director, Genetics and Cell Biology The Francis Crick Institute 307 USA Paula D. McClain James B. Duke Distinguished Professor, Political Science Duke University 308 GBR Pauline Tiffen Editor-in-Chief, Trade and Sustainable Development Journal of Fair Trade 309 BRA Paulo Artaxo Professor, Physics Universidade de São Paulo 310 USA Peter Gleick Independent scientist, hydroclimatology, environmental security Independent 311 USA Peter J. Katzenstein Walter S. Carpeneter Jr. Professor of International Studies, Political Science Cornell University 312 GBR Peter M Cox Director of the Global Systems Institute, Earth System Modelling University of Exeter 313 USA Philip Pettit L.S.Rockefeller University Professor, Philosophy Princeton University 314 FRA Philippe Corcuff Professeur des universités, Science politique Sciences Po Lyon 315 FRA Philippe Descola Professeur émérite, Anthropologue Collège de France, Paris 316 ITA Philippe Schmitter Emeritus Professor, retired, Politics European University Institute 317 BEL Philippe Van Parijs Chaire Hoover d'éthique économique et sociale / Professor, Political Philosophy University of Louvain, University of Leuven 318 USA Pierre Agostini Professor emeritus, Physics Ohio State University 319 USA Pippa Norris McGuire lecturer of comparative politics Harvard University 320 IND Prabhat Patnaik Professor Emeritus, Economics Jawaharlal Nehru University 321 AUT Rainer Bauböck former Prof. at the European University Institute, Political Science Austrian Academy of Sciences 322 LBN Ray Brassier Professor, Philosophy American University of Beirut, Lebanon 323 USA Rebecca Kennison Librarian Columbia University 324 USA Rebecca Newberger Goldstein Research associate, Philosophy Harvard University 325 EST/USA Rein Taagepera Research Professor/Professor Emeritus, Political Science University of California, Irvine / Tartu University 326 USA Richard A. Falk Professor of International Law, Emeritus Princeton University 327 GBR Richard Kozul-Wright Professor, Sustainable Structural Transformation / Director, Globalisation and Development Strategies Division in the UN Conference on Trade and Development. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 328 USA Richard N. Aslin Senior Scientist, Psychology and Neuroscience Yale University 329 USA Robert Axelrod Distinguished University Professor of Political Science and Public Policy (Emeritus) University of Michigan 330 USA Robert C Berwick Professor, Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 331 USA Robert Cialdini Regents Professor, Social Psychology Arizona State University 332 GBR Robert Hunter Wade Professor, Global Political Economy London School of Economics 333 USA Robert Keohane Professor of Public and International Affairs, Emeritus Princeton University 334 USA Robert M. Seyfarth Emeritus Professor, Psychology University of Pennsylvania 335 ITA Roberto Martino Professore Associato, Economia politica e applicata Università E-Campus 336 USA Roger B. Myerson Pearson Professor, Global Conflict Studies, Economics University of Chicago 337 USA Rogers M. Smith Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Emeritus Professor, Political Science University of Pennsylvania 338 DEU Roman Stilling Dr., Neuroscience German Primate Center 339 USA Ross Frank Associate Professor, Ethnic Studies University of California, San Diego 340 ITA Rossano Pazzagli Professore Ordinario, Storia moderna e contemporanea Università Molise 341 ARG Rubén Lo Vuolo President, Principal Researcher, Economics, Social Policy Centro Interdisciplinario para el Estudio de Políticas Públicas (Ciepp) 342 USA Ruth Ben-Ghiat Professor, History New York University 343 USA Ruth Perry Ann Fetter Friedlaender Professor, Humanities, Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology 344 AUT Ruth Wodak Emeritus Distinguished Professor - DiscourseNet Studies Lancaster University/ Universität Wien 345 DEU Sabina Leonelli Professor, Philosophy and History of Science Technical University of Munich 346 ZAF Salim S Abdool Karim Director, Medical research CAPRISA - Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa 347 USA Sally Haslanger Professor, Philosophy & WGS Massachusetts Institute of Technology 348 ITA Salvatore Bimonte Professore Ordinario, Economica dell’Ambiente Università degli studi di Siena 349 USA Sam Zhang Postdoctoral Fellow, Applied Mathematics Santa Fe Institute 350 SVK Samuel Abraham Rector, Political Theory Bratislava International school of Liberal Arts (BISLA) 351 USA Samuel Bowles Research Professor, Economics Santa Fe Institute 352 FRA Sandra Laugier Professor, Philosophy Université Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne 353 USA Sandra McGee Deutsch Professor Emerita, History, Modern Latin American History University of Texas, El Paso 354 ITA Sandro Scandolo Direttore della ricerca, Fisica The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) 355 ESP Santiago López-García Director del Instituto de Estudios de Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad de Salamanca 356 ESP Santiago Zabala Research Professor, Philosophy ICREA/Pompeu Fabra University 357 DNK Sara Hagemann Professor, Political Science University of Copenhagen 358 ITA Serena Sordi Professore Ordinario, Economia Politica Università degli studi di Siena 359 CAN Seyda Ipek Assistant Professor, Physics Carleton University 360 USA Seyla Benhabib Professor Emerita and Senior Research Scholar, Political theory, democracy, human rights Yale University/ Columbia University 361 USA Shamik Dasgupta Associate Professor, Philosophy University of California, Berkeley 362 USA Sheldon Pollock Raghunathan Professor Emeritus, FBA, Philology Columbia University 363 USA Sherry Ortner Distinguished Research Professor, Anthropology University of California, Los Angeles 364 JAP Shinichi Mochizuki Professor, Mathematics RIMS, Kyoto University 365 ITA Simona Forti Professoressa Ordinaria, Filosofia politica Scuola Normale Superiore -Pisa 366 USA Simonetta Falasca Zamponi Professor, Sociology University of California, Santa Barbara 367 GBR Sionaidh Douglas-Scott Anniversary Chair of Law, formerly Professor of European and Human Rights Law Queen Mary University 368 USA Sir Oliver Hart Professor, Economics Harvard University 369 USA Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe Director, Target Discovery Institute / Clinical Research Director University of Oxford / Francis Crick Institute 370 USA Sir Richard J. Roberts Chief Scientific Officer New England Biolabs 371 MEX Soledad Loaeza Emeritus Professor, International relations El Colegio de Mexico 372 DEU Stefan Simon Director, Heritage Science Rathgen-Forschungslabor - National Museums Berlin 373 ITA Stefano Bartolini Professore Associato, Economia Università degli Studi di Siena 374 USA Stephanie Jed Professor Emerita, Italian literature University of California, San Diego 375 USA Stephen Walt Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of International Affairs Harvard University 376 ZAF Steven Friedman Director: Centre for the Study of Democracy (Politics/ Analyst) University of Johannesburg 377 USA Steven Levitsky Professor, Political Science Harvard University 378 USA Steven Pinker Professor, Psychology Harvard University 379 USA Stewart Prager Professor Emeritus, Plasma Physics Princeton University 380 GBR Stuart White Associate Professor, Politics Department of Politics & International Relations, Oxford University 381 USA Susan Fiske Emerita Eugene Higgins Professor, Psychology and Public Affairs Princeton University 382 USA Susan Rose-Ackerman Professsor, emeritus, Law and Political Science Yale University 383 DNK Susi Meret Associate Professor, Department of Politics and Society Aalborg University 384 USA Suzanne Mettler Professor of Government, Political Science Cornell University 385 JAP Takaaki Kajita Distinguished University Professor, Physics The University of Tokyo 386 USA Tanmoy Bhattacharya External Professor, Physics Santa Fe Institute 387 GBR Tariq Modood Professor, Sociology and Politics University of Bristol 388 ARG Thea Riofrancos Associate Professor, Political Science Providence College 389 USA Theda Skocpol Victor S. Thomas Professor of Government and Sociology Harvard University 390 ARG Thomas Ehrlich Reifer Professor and Chair; Associate - Sociology University of San Diego; Transnational Institute 391 CAN Timothy Snyder Professor, History University of Toronto 392 GBR Tiziana Leone Professor, Health and Development, Population Health London School of Economics 393 USA Todd Sandler Chaired Professor Emeritus, Economics, Political Economy University of Texas at Dallas 394 ITA Tomaso Montanari Professore Ordinario, Storia Dell'arte University for Foreigners of Siena 395 USA Tommie Shelby Lee Simpkins Family Professor of Arts and Sciences and Caldwell Titcomb Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy Harvard University 396 USA Tracy Slatyer Professor, Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 397 ITA/USA Ugo Mattei Professore ordinario, Giurisprudenza / Emeritus Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor Università Torino / University of California, San Francisco 398 USA Ulrich Duffner Associate Professor, Pediatrics Helen DeVos Children's Hospital 399 DEU Ursula Konnertz Academic Director, Philosophy, General Studies Leibniz Kolleg Universität Tübingen 400 DEU Uta Dirksen Professor, Pediatric Oncology and Hematology University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen 401 DEU Ute Frevert Professor, Director emerita, History Max Planck Institute for Human Development 402 ITA Valentina Pazé Professoressa Ordinaria, Filosofia politica Università di Torino 403 FRA Valérie Masson-Delmotte Directrice de recherches, Sciences du climat Institut Pierre Simon Laplace - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay, France 404 USA Vann McGee Professor emeritus, Philosophy Massachusetts Institute of Technology 405 USA Varykina Thackray Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of California, San Diego 406 GBR Veronica Strang Affiliate, Professor of Anthropology University of Oxford 407 USA Victor Ambros Professor, Biology University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School 408 USA Victoria Frye Professor, Sociomedical Science/Social Work Columbia University 409 USA Vincenzo Fiore Assistant Professor, Computational psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 410 USA Vivien Schmidt Professor Emerita, Political Science Boston University 411 USA Volker R. Berghahn Seth Low Emeritus Professor, History, International History Columbia University 412 USA W Craig Carter Toyota Professor of Materials Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 413 USA W. David Bradford Professor, Economics University of Georgia 414 GBR Will Davies Professor, Sociology Goldsmiths, University of London 415 USA William Banks Professor, Law and Public Affairs Syracuse University 416 USA William Lazonick Professor Emeritus, Economics University of Massachusetts 417 Wissenschaft für Demokratie – Science for Democracy Collective signature 418 USA Wolfgang Ketterle Professor, Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology 419 USA Yannik Thiem Associate Professor, Religious Studies Columbia University 420 CAN Yasmin Jiwani Professor Emeritus, Communication Concordia University 421 MLI Youba Sokona Professeur, Energie et Developpement African Institute for Sustainable Energy and System Analysis (AISESA) 422 USA Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat Professor, Political Science University of Connecticut